The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee by David Treuer

Author:David Treuer
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Penguin Publishing Group
Published: 2019-01-21T16:00:00+00:00

Relocation

Solutions for the “Indian problem” seem only to have generated more problems for the government, not to mention for Indian people themselves. When termination became the face of federal policy, the question became: What to do with the Indians? In 1940, 56 percent of Americans lived in cities, but only 6 percent of American Indians did. In 1939, the average white worker earned twice what an Indian could expect to earn. Indians with jobs could expect to bring in, on average, twelve dollars a week. As far as Washington was concerned, the next move seemed clear: now that termination was set to take care of reservations, what was needed was an extra push to get Indians to leave their disappearing homelands and move to the city. So in the 1950s another round of legislative problem-solving erupted.

In the Southwest, the Navajo-Hopi Law funded a jobs-training program for Navajo and Hopi Indians of New Mexico and Arizona and provided money to relocate them to Denver, Salt Lake, and Los Angeles. The program was expanded by the Department of the Interior in 1951 to include other tribes and other cities in Oklahoma, Arizona, and New Mexico and expanded again in the years to come to yet more Indians and yet more cities: Cleveland, San Francisco, St. Louis, San Jose, Seattle, Tulsa, and Minneapolis. The piecemeal legislation, budget lines, and policies coalesced into Public Law 959, passed in 1956:

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